Why do we study materials? Materials are probably more deep seated in our culture than most of us realize. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. An advancement in the understanding of a material is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the thousands available.
Strictly speaking, materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering involves, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. Throughout this course, we draw attention to the relationships among these four components: processing, structure, properties, and performance in terms of the design, production, and utilization of materials. We will mainly focus on steels.
1.1 Historical Perspective
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering
1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?
1.4 Classification of Materials
1.5 Advanced Materials
1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs
1.7 Processing/Structure/Properties/ Performance Correlations
Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamental Concepts
2.3 Electrons in Atoms
2.4 The Periodic Table
2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies
2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds
2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding
2.8 Mixed Bonding
2.9 Molecules
2.10 Bonding Type-Materials Classification Correlations
The Structure of Crystalline Solids
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fundamental Concepts
3.3 Unit Cells
3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures
3.5 Density Computations
3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy
3.7 Crystal Systems
3.8 Point Coordinates
3.9 Crystallographic Directions
3.10 Crystallographic Planes
3.11 Linear and Planar Densities
3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures
3.13 Single Crystals
3.14 Polycrystalline Materials
3.15 Anisotropy
3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures
Imperfections in Solids
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials
4.3 Impurities in Solids
4.4 Specification of Composition
4.5 Dislocations—Linear Defects
4.6 Interfacial Defects
4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects
4.8 Atomic Vibrations
4.9 Basic Concepts of Microscopy
4.10 Microscopic Techniques
4.11 Grain-Size Determination
Diffusion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms
5.3 Fick’s First Law
5.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State Diffusion
5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion
5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials
5.7 Other Diffusion Paths
Mechanical Properties of Metals
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain
6.3 Stress–Strain Behavior
6.4 Anelasticity
6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials
6.6 Tensile Properties
6.7 True Stress and Strain
6.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic Deformation
6.9 Hardness
Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Concepts
7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations
7.4 Slip Systems
7.5 Slip in Single Crystals
7.6 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction
7.7 Solid-Solution Strengthening
7.8 Strain Hardening
7.9 RecoveryRecrystallization Grain Growth
Phase Diagrams
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Solubility Limit
8.3 Phases
8.4 Microstructure
8.5 Phase Equilibria
8.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams
8.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems
8.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams
8.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys
8.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys
8.11 Binary Eutectic Systems
8.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
8.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds
8.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions
8.15 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram
8.16 Development of Microstructure in Iron–Carbon Alloys
Phase Transformations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Concepts
9.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations
9.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States
9.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams
9.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams
9.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys
9.8 Tempered Martensite
9.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon Alloys
9.10 Heat Treatment of Steels
